[1]
Annengers J.F., Hauser W.A., Coan S.P. et al.: A population-based study
of seizures after traumatic brain injuries. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 20-
24.
[2]
Hauser W.A., Pavone A.: Posttraumatic epilepsy. Introduction. Epilepsia
2003;44: 1.
[3]
Semah F., Picot M.C., Adam C. et al. : Is the underlining cause of epilepsy
a major prognostic factor for recurrence? Neurology 1008; 51: 1256-
1262.
[4]
Jensen E.J.: Posttraumatic epilepsy: Treatable epileptogenesis. Epilepsia
2009; 50: 1-3.
[5]
Bruns J., Hauser W.A.: The Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury: A
Review. Epilepsia 2003; 44:2–10.
[6]
Rinaldi A., Conti L.: Posttraumatic epilepsy. Neurol Sci 2003; 24: 229–
230.
[7]
Pitkanen A., Immonen R., Grohn O.H.J., et al.: From traumatic brain
injury to posttraumatic epilepsy: what animal models tell us about the
process and treatment options. Epilepsia 2009; 50: 21-29.
[8]
Christensen J., Pedersen M.G., Pedersen C.B. et al.: Long-term risk
of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in children and young adults: a
population –based cohort study. Lancet 2009; 373: 1105-1110.
[9]
Dash P.K., Zhao J., Hergenroeder G. et al.: Biomarkers for the Diagnosis,
Prognosis, and Evaluation of Treatment Efficacy for Traumatic Brain
Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 100–114.
[10]
Annengers J.F., Grabow J.D., Groover R.V. et al.: Seizures after head
trauma: a population study. Neurology 1980; 30: 683-689.
[11]
Hahn Y.S., Fuchs S., Flannery K. et al.: Factors influencing posttraumatic
seizures in children. Neurosurgery 1988; 22: 864-867.
[12]
Durham S.R., Clancy R.R., Leuthardt E. et al.: CHOP Infant Coma Scale
(“Infant Face Scale”): A Novel Coma Scale for Children less than Two
Years of Age. J Trauma 2000; 17: 729-737.
[13]
Frey L.C.: Epidemiology of Posttraumatic Epilepsy: A Critical Review.
Epilepsia 2003; 44: 11–17.
[14]
D’Ambrosio R., Perucca E.: Epilepsy after head injury. Curr Opin Neurol.
2004; 17: 731–735.
[15]
Pagni C.A., Zenga F.: Posttraumatic epilepsy with special emphasis on
prophylaxis and prevention. Acta Neurochir 2005; 93: 27-34.
[16]
Durkin M.S., Olsen S., Barlow B., et al.: The epidemiology of urban
pediatric neurological trauma; evaluation of, and implication for, injury
prevention program. Neurosurgery 1998; 42: 300-310.
[17]
Mazur J.: Wypadki, urazy i zatrucia u dzieci i młodzieży w Polsce. [w]:
Zdrowie naszych dzieci. Mazur J, Szymborski J.[red] Instytut Matki i
Dziecka, Warszawa 2001.
[18]
Marszał E., Emich-Widera E., Szczygieł A. et al.: Urazy głowy u dzieci
w wieku przedszkolnym i szkolnym-ich przyczyny, diagnostyka i
uwarunkowania społeczne. Neurol Dziec 2004; 13: 37-41.
[19]
Bourgeois M., Di Rocco F., Garnett M. et al.: Epilepsy associated with
shaken baby syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst 2008; 24: 169-172.
[20]
Agrawal A., Timothy J., Pandit L. et al.: Post-traumatic epilepsy: An
overview. Cl Neurol Neurosurg 2006; 108: 433-439.
[21]
Statler K.D.: Pediatric Posttraumatic Seizures: Epidemiology, Putative
Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis and Promising Investigational Progress.
Dev Neurosci 2006; 28: 354–363.
[22]
Angeleri F., Majkowski J., Cacchib G. et al. : Posttraumatic Epilepsy Risk
Factors: One-Year Prospective Study After Head Injury. Epilepsia 1999;
4: 1222-1230.
[23]
Ratan S.K., Kulshreshtha R., Pandey R.M.: Predictors of posttraumatic
convulsions in head injured children. Pediatr neurosurg 1999; 30: 127-
131.
[24]
Chiaretti A., De Benedictis R., Della Corte F. et al.: The impact of initial
management on the outcome of children with severe head injury. Child’s
Nerv Syst 2000; 16: 862-866.
[25]
Gupta R.K., Saksena S., Agarwal A. et al.: Diffusion Tensor Imaging in
Late Posttraumatic Epilepsy. Epilepsia 2005; 46: 1465–1471.
[26]
Freedman S.B., Powell E.C.: Pediatric Seizures and Their Management in
the Emergency Departament. Clin Ped Emerg Med 2003; 4: 195-206.
[27]
D’Ambrosio R., Perucca E.: Epilepsy after head injury. Curr Opin Neurol.
2004; 17: 731–735.
[28]
Lowenstein D.H.: Epilepsy after head injury: An Overview. Epilepsia
2009; 50: 4-9.
[29]
Appleton R.E., Demellweek C.: Post-traumatic epilepsy in children
requiring inpatient rehabilitation following head injury. J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72; 669-672.
[30]
Aroniadou-Anderjaska W., Fritsch B., Qashu F. et al.: Pathology and
pathophysiology of the amygdale in epileptogenesis and epilepsy. Epi
Research 2008; 78: 102-116.
[31]
Benardo LS.: Prevention of Epilepsy After Head Trauma: Do We Need
New Drugs or a New Approach? Epilepsia 2003; 44: 27–33.
[32]
Olson S.: Review of the role of anticonvulsant prophylaxis following brain
injury. J Clin Neurosc 2004; 11: 1-3.
[33]
Diaz-Arrastia R., Agostini M.A., Madden C.J. et al.: Posttraumatic
epilepsy: The endophenotypes of a human model of epileptogenesis.
Epilepsia 2009; 50: 14-20.
[34]
Vink R, Nimmo AJ.: Multifunctional Drugs for Head Injury.
Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6: 28-42.
[35]
Bayir H., Kochanek P.K., Clark R.S.B.: Traumatic brain injury in infants
and children Mechanisms of secondary damage and treatment in the
intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 2003; 19: 529–549.
[36]
Jensen E.J.: Posttraumatic epilepsy: Treatable epileptogenesis. Epilepsia
2009; 50:1-3.
[37]
Kharatishvilia I., Pitkanen A.: Posttraumatic epilepsy. Current Opinion in
Neurology 2010; 23: 183–188.
[38]
Platt S.R.: The role of glutamate in central nervous system health and
disease- A review. The Vet Journal 2007; 173: 278-286.
[39]
Wada S., Yone K., Ishidou Y. et al.: Apoptosis after spine cord injury in
rats and preventative effect of NMDA receptor antagonists. J Neurosurg
1999; 91: 98-104.
[40]
Pitkanen A., Longhi L., Marklund N. et al. : Neurodegeneration and
neuroprotective strategies after traumatic brain injury. Drug Discovery
Today. 2005; 4: 410-418.
[41]
Gringrich M.B., Traynelis S.F.: Serine protease and brain damage-is there
a link?. TINS 2000; 23: 399-406.
[42]
Uryu K., Chen X-H., Martinez D. et al.: Multiple proteins implicated in
neurodegenerative diseases accumulate in axon after brain trauma in
humans. Experimental Neurol 2007; 208: 185-192.
[43]
Ratzliff A., Santhakumar V., Howard A. et al.: Mossy cell in epilepsy:
rigor mortis or vigor mortis? Trends in Neurosc 2002; 25: 140-142.
[44]
Santhakumar V., Soltesz I.: Plasticity of interneuronal species diversity
and parameter variance in neurological diseases. Trends in Neurosc
2004; 27: 504-510.
[45]
Temkin N.R.: Preventing and treating posttraumatic seizures: The human
experience. Epilepsia 2009; 50: 10–13.
[46]
Timofeev I., Bazhenov M., Avramescu S. et al.: Posttraumatic Epilepsy:
The Roles of Synaptic Plasticity. Neuroscientist 2010; 16; 19-27.
[47]
Goryunova A.V., Bazarnaya N.A., Sorokina E.G. et al.: Glutamate Receptor
Autoantibody Concentrations in Children with Chronic Post-Traumatic
Headache. Neurosc Beh Physiol 2007; 37: 761-764.
[48]
Yip S., Sastry B.R.: Effects of hemoglobin and its breakdown products on
synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. Brain Res 2000;
864: 1-12.
[49]
Willmore L.J., Ueda Y.: Posttraumatic Epilepsy: Hemorrhage, Free
Radicals and the Molecular Regulation of Glutamate. Neurochem Res
2009; 34: 688–697.
[50]
Lombrosso C.T.: Can early postnatal closed head injury induce cortical
dysplasia? Epilepsia 2000; 41: 245-253.
[51]
Scharfman H.E.: The Neurobiology of Epilepsy. Current Neurol Neurosc
Rep 2007; 7: 348-354.
[52]
Lewis DV.: Losing Neurons:Selective Vulnerability and Mesial Temporal
Sclerosis. Epilepsia 2005; 46: 39-40.
[53]
Holmes G.L., Ben-Ari Y.: The neurobiology and consequences of epilepsy
in developing brain. Pediatr Res 2001; 49: 320-325.
[54]
Holmes G.L.: Effect of seizures on brain development: lesson from
laboratory. Pediatr Neurol 2005; 33: 1-11.
[55]
Statler K.D., Swank S., Abildskow T. et al.: Traumatic brain injury during
development reduces minimal clonic seizure thresholds at maturity. Epi
Res 2008; 80: 163-170.
[56]
Jennett B., Van De Sande J.: EEG prediction of post-traumatic epilepsy.
Epilepsia 1975; 16: 251-6.
[57]
Oberheim N.A., Tian G-F., Han X. et al.: Loss of Astrocytic Domain
Organization in the Epileptic Brain. Neurosc 2008; 26, 28: 3264 –3276.
[58]
Ding M.C., LO E.H., Stanley G.B.: Sustain focal cortical compression
reduces electrically-induced seizure threshold. Neurosc 2008; 154: 551-
555.
[59]
Skandsen T.: Global outcome, productivity and epilepsy 3-8 years after
severe head injury. The impact of injury severity. Clin Rehab 2008; 22:
653-662.
[60]
Ferguson P.L., Smith G.M., Wannamaker B.B. et al.: A population-based
study of risk of epilepsy after hospitalization for traumatic brain injury.
Epilepsia 2010; 51: 891-898.
[61]
Lowenstein D.H.: Epilepsy after head injury: An Overview. Epilepsia
2009, 50: 4-9.
[62]
Shorvon S., Neligan A.: Risk of epilepsy after head trauma. Lancet 2009;
373: 1060-1061.
[63]
Beghi E.: Overview of Studies to prevent Posttraumatic Epilepsy.
Epilepsia 2003; 44: 21-26.
[64]
Swartz B.E., Houser C.R., Tomiyasu U. et al.: Hippocampal Cell loss in
Posttraumatic Human Epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006; 47: 1373-1382.
[65]
Avanzini G., Franceschetti S.: Cellular biology of epileptogenesis. Lancet
Neurol 2003; 2: 33-42.
[66]
Vespa P.M., Nuwer M.R., Nenov V., et al.: Increased incidence and
impact of nonconvulsive and convulsive seizures after traumatic brain
injury as detected by continuous electroencephalographic monitoring. J
Neurosurg 1999; 91: 750-760.
[67]
Clear D., Chadwick D.W.: Seizures provoked by blows to the head.
Epilepsia 2000; 41: 243-244.
[68]
Wolf P.: Minor head trauma unmasking asymptomatic lesion. Epilepsia
2001; 42: 572-574.
[69]
D’Ambrosio R.: The role of membrane ion channels in seizures and
epileptogenesis. Pharm & Therap 2004; 103: 95-10870.
[70]
Scevola L., D’Alessio L., Saferstein D. et al.: Psychogenic Nonepileptic
Seizures after Head Injury:A Case Report. Case Rep in Med 2009, Article
ID 712813.
[71]
Rabinstein A.A., Benarroch E.E.: Treatment of Paroxysmal Sympathetic
Hyperactivity. Curr Treat Options of Neurol 2008; 10: 151-157.
[72]
McCrory P.R., Berkovic S.F.: Video analysis of acute motor and convulsive
manifestations in sport-related concussion. Neurology 2000; 54: 1488-
1491.
[73]
Temkin N.C.: Antiepileptogenesis and seizure Prevention Trials with
Antiepileptic Drugs: Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Epilepsia 2001;
42: 515-524.
[74]
Kaciński M.: Standardy medyczne w urazach układu nerwowego u
dzieci. Standardy 2000.
[75]
Graber K.D., Prince D.A.: A Critical Period for Prevention of Posttraumatic
Neocortical Hyperexcitability in Rats. Ann Neurol 2004; 55: 860-870.
[76]
Schmidt O.I., Infanger M., Heyde C.E. et al.: The role of Neuroinflamation
in Traumatic Brain Injury. Eur J Trauma 2004; 30: 135-149.
[77]
O,Dell M.D., Gibson C.J., Wilson M.S. et al.: Positive and negative
modulation of the GABAa receptor and outcome after traumatic brain
injury in rats. Brain Res 2000; 861: 325-332.
[78]
Stein D.G.: Progesterone exerts neuroprotective effects after brain injury.
Brain Res Rev 2008; 57: 386-397.
[79]
Pavone A., Cardile V.: An In Vitro Study of New Antiepileptic Drugs and
Astrocytes Epilepsia 2003; 44: 34–39.
[80]
Watson N.F., Barber J.K., Doherty M.J. et al.: Does Glucocorticoid
Administration Prevent Late Seizures after Head Injury? Epilepsia 2004;
46: 690-694.
[81]
Dichter M.A.: Posttraumatic epilepsy: The challenge of translating
discoveries in the laboratory to pathways to a cure. Epilepsia 2009; 50:
41–45.
[82]
Jędrzejewska A., Dobosiewicz K., Szota M. et al.: Wykorzystanie
jakościowej i ilościowej analizy EEG dla oceny wczesnych i późnych
następstw urazów czaszkowo-mózgowych u dzieci. Neurol Dziec 2008;
17: 39-48.
[83]
Haltiner A.M., Temkin N.R., Dikmen S.S.: Risk of seizure recurrence after
the first late posttraumatic seizure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997; 78:
835-840.
[84]
Fisher R.S., van Emde Boas W., Blume W. et al.: Epileptic Seizures
and Epilepsy: Definition Proposed by the International League Against
Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia
2005; 46: 470-472.
[85]
Guidelines for Epidemiologic Studies on Epilepsy. Commission on
Epidemiology and Prognosis International League Against Epilepsy.
Epilepsia 1993; 34: 592-596.
[86]
Szczepanik E.: Padaczka pourazowowa - kryteria rozpoznawania. Neurol
Dziec 2002; 11: 69-71.
Scholar Google
PubMed