[1]
McEwen B.S.: Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators.
Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2006; 8: 367–381.
[2]
McEwen B.S.: What Is the Confusion With Cortisol? Chronic Stress. 2019;
3: 2470547019833647.
[3]
McEwen B.S., Karatsoreos I.N.: Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Disruption:
Stress, Allostasis, and Allostatic Load. Sleep Med Clin. 2015; 10: 1–10.
[4]
Liston C., Cichon J.M., Jeanneteau F., et al.: Circadian glucocorticoid
oscillations promote learning-dependent synapse formation and
maintenance. Nature Neuroscience. 2013; 16: 698–705.
[5]
Sharpley C.F., Bitsika V., Agnew L.L., et al.: Is daily replication necessary
when sampling cortisol concentrations in association studies of children
with autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and discussion
paper. Reviews in the Neurosciences. 2017; 28: 103–111.
[6]
Onishi S., Miyazawa G., Nishimura Y., et al.: Postnatal development of
circadian rhythm in serum cortisol levels in children. Pediatrics. 1983;
72: 399–404.
[7]
Touitou Y., Sulon J., Bogdan A., et al.: Adrenocortical hormones, ageing
and mental condition: seasonal and circadian rhythms of plasma
18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone, total and free cortisol and urinary
corticosteroids. J Endocrinol. 1983; 96: 53–64.
[8]
Levine M.E., Milliron A.N., Duffy L.K.: Diurnal and seasonal rhythms of
melatonin, cortisol and testosterone in interior Alaska. Arctic Med Res.
1994; 53: 25–34.
[9]
Aschoff J., Fatranska M., Giedke H., et al.: Human circadian rhythms in
continuous darkness: entrainment by social cues. Science. 171 (3967):
213–215.
[10]
King B.H., Navot N., Bernier R., et al.: Update on diagnostic classification
in autism. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014; 27: 105–109.
[11]
van Steensel F.J.A., Bögels S.M., Perrin S.: Anxiety disorders in children
and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Clin
Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2011; 14: 302–317.
[12]
Simon D.M., Corbett B.A.: Examining associations between anxiety and
cortisol in high functioning male children with autism. J Neurodevelop
Disord. 2013; 5: 32.
[13]
Devnani P.A., Hegde A.U.: Autism and sleep disorders. J Pediatr Neurosci.
2015; 10: 304–307.
[14]
Mayer E.A.: The neurobiology of stress and gastrointestinal disease. Gut.
2000; 47: 861–869.
[15]
Pruessner J., Wolf O., Hellhammer D.H., et al.: Free cortisol levels
after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of
adrenocortical activity. Life Sciences. 1997; 61: 2539–2549.
[16]
Sapolsky R.M., Krey L., McEwen B.S.: The neuroendocrinology of stress
and aging: the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. Endocr Rev. 1986;
7: 284–301.
[17]
Chrousos G.P.: Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat Rev
Endocrinol. 2009; 5: 374–381.
[18]
Schiefelbein V.L., Susman E.J.: Cortisol Levels and Longitudinal Cortisol
Change as Predictors of Anxiety in Adolescents. The Journal of Early
Adolescence. 2006; 26: 397–413.
[19]
Yamazaki K., Saito Y., Okada F., et al.: An application of neuroendocrinological
studies in autistic children and Heller’s syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord.
1975;5: 323–332.
[20]
Hill S.D., Wagner E.A., Shedlarski J.G., et al.: Diurnal cortisol and
temperature variation of normal and autistic children. Dev Psychobiol.
1977; 10: 579–583.
[21]
Sandman C.A., Barron J.L., Chicz-DeMet A., et al.: Brief Report: Plasma-
Endorphin and Cortisol Levels in Autistic Patients. J Autism Dev Disord.
1991; 21: 83-87.
[22]
Nir I., Meir D., Zilber N., et al.: Brief report: Circadian melatonin, thyroid-
stimulating hormone, prolactin, and cortisol levels in serum of young
adults with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1995; 25: 641–654.
[23]
Aihara R., Hashimoto T.: [Neuroendocrinologic studies on autism]. No To
Hattatsu. 1989; 21: 154–162.
[24]
Richdale A.L., Prior M.: Urinary cortisol circadian rhythm in a group of
high-functioning children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1992; 22:
433–437.
[25]
Lakshmi Priya M.D., Geetha A., Suganya V., et al.: Abnormal circadian
rhythm and cortisol excretion in autistic children: a clinical study. Croat
Med J. 2013; 54: 33–41.
[26]
Corbett B., Mendoza S., Abdullah M., et al.: Cortisol circadian rhythms and
response to stress in children with autism. Psychoneuroendocrinology.
2006; 31: 59–68.
[27]
Marinović-Ćurin J., Marinović-Terzić I., Bujas-Petković Z., et al.: Slower
cortisol response during ACTH stimulation test in autistic children. Eur
Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008; 17: 39–43.
[28]
Corbett B.A., Schupp C.W., Levine S., et al.: Comparing cortisol, stress,
and sensory sensitivity in children with autism. Autism Res. 2009; 2:
39–49.
[29]
Corbett B.A., Mendoza S., Wegelin J.A., et al.: Variable cortisol circadian
rhythms in children with autism and anticipatory stress. J Psychiatry
Neurosci. 2008; 33: 227–234.
[30]
Gabriels R.L., Agnew J.A., Pan Z., et al.: Elevated repetitive behaviors are
associated with lower diurnal salivary cortisol levels in autism spectrum
disorder. Biological Psychology. 2013; 93: 262–268.
[31]
Kidd S.A., Corbett B.A., Granger D.A., et al.: Daytime Secretion of Salivary
Cortisol and Alpha-Amylase in Preschool-Aged Children with Autism and
Typically Developing Children. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012; 42: 2648–2658.
[32]
Tordjman S., Anderson G.M., Kermarrec S., et al.: Altered circadian
patterns of salivary cortisol in low-functioning children and adolescents
with autism. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014; 50: 227–245.
[33]
Bitsika V., Sharpley C.F., Andronicos N.M.: Hypothalamus–pituitary–
adrenal axis daily fluctuation, anxiety and age interact to predict cortisol
concentrations in boys with an autism spectrum disorder. Physiology &
Behavior. 2015; 138: 200–207.
[34]
Tomarken A.J., Han G.T., Corbett B.A.: Temporal patterns, heterogeneity,
and stability of diurnal cortisol rhythms in children with autism spectrum
disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015; 62: 217–226.
[35]
Ogawa S., Lee Y.-A., Yamaguchi Y., et al.: Associations of acute and
chronic stress hormones with cognitive functions in autism spectrum
disorder. Neuroscience. 2017; 343: 229–239.
[36]
Muscatello R.A., Corbett B.A.: Comparing the effects of age, pubertal
development, and symptom profile on cortisol rhythm in children and
adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Development and Diurnal
Rhythm in ASD. Autism Research. 2018; 11: 110–120.
[37]
Baker E.K., Richdale A.L., Hazi A., et al.: Assessing a hyperarousal
hypothesis of insomnia in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism
Research. 2019; 12: 897–910.
[38]
Hoshino Y., Yokoyama F., Watanabe M., et al.: The Diurnal Variation and
Response to Dexamethasone Suppression Test of Saliva Cortisol Level in
Autistic Children. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1987; 41: 227–235.
[39]
Jensen J.B., Realmuto G.M., Garfinkel B.D.: The Dexamethasone
Suppression Test in Infantile Autism. Journal of the American Academy
of Child Psychiatry. 1985; 24: 263–265.
[40]
Hoshino Y., Yoshinori O., Murata S., et al.: Dexamethasone Suppression
Test in Autistic Children. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1984;
38 :445–459.
[41]
El-Fahran N., Rees D.A., Evans C.: Measuring cortisol in serum, urine
and saliva – are our assays good enough? Ann Clin Biochem. 2017; 54:
308–322.
[42]
Kirschbaum C., Hellhammer D.H.: Salivary cortisol in psychoneuro-
endocrine research: Recent developments and applications.
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1994; 19: 313–333.
[43]
Marinović-Ćurin J., Terzić J., Bujas-Petković Z., et al.: Lower Cortisol and
Higher ACTH Levels in Individuals with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord.
2003; 33: 443–448.
[44]
Bitsika V., Sharpley C.F., Agnew L.L., et al.: Age-related differences in
the association between stereotypic behaviour and salivary cortisol in
young males with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Physiology & Behavior.
2015; 152: 238–243.
[45]
Hamza R.T., Hewedi D.H., Ismail M.A.: Basal and Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone Stimulated Plasma Cortisol Levels Among Egyptian Autistic
Children: Relation to Disease Severity. Ital J Pediatr. 2010; 36: 71.
[46]
Hassan M.H., Desoky T., Sakhr H.M., et al.: Possible Metabolic Alterations
among Autistic Male Children: Clinical and Biochemical Approaches. J
Mol Neurosci. 2019; 67: 204-216.
[47]
Iwata K., Matsuzaki H., Miyachi T., et al.: Investigation of the serum levels
of anterior pituitary hormones in male children with autism. Mol Autism.
2011; 2: 16.
[48]
Tani P., Lindberg N., Matto V., et al.: Higher plasma ACTH levels in adults
with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2005; 58:
533–536.
[49]
Bakker-Huvenaars M.J., Greven C.U., Herpers P., et al.: Saliva oxytocin,
cortisol, and testosterone levels in adolescent boys with autism
spectrum disorder, oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder and
typically developing individuals. European Neuropsychopharmacology.
2020; 30: 87–101.
[50]
Croonenberghs J., Spaas K., Wauters A., et al.: Faulty serotonin – DHEA
interactions in autism: results of the 5-hydroxytryptophan challenge test.
Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2008; 29: 385-390.
[51]
Hadlow N., Collier S., Wardrop R., et al.: Variation of serum cortisol
with age and gender. Address: : https://www.aacb.asn.au/documents/
item/508, access: 13.02.2021.
[52]
Goodyer I.M., Park R.J., Netherton C.M., et al.: Possible role of cortisol and
dehydroepiandrosterone in human development and psychopathology.
Br J Psychiatry. 2001; 179: 243–249.
[53]
McEwen B.S.: Protection and damage from acute and chronic stress:
allostasis and allostatic overload and relevance to the pathophysiology
of psychiatric disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004; 1032: 1–7.
[54]
Bastianetto S., Ramassamy C., Poirier J., et al.: Dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA) protects hippocampal cells from oxidative stress-induced
damage. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1999 20; 66: 35–41.
[55]
Diamond D.M., Branch B.J., Fleshner M., et al.: Effects of
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and stress on hippocampal
electrophysiological plasticity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995; 774: 304–307.
[56]
Compagnone N.A., Mellon S.H.: Dehydroepiandrosterone: a potential
signalling molecule for neocortical organization during development.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998; 95: 4678–4683.
[57]
Cardounel A., Regelson W., Kalimi M.: Dehydroepiandrosterone protects
hippocampal neurons against neurotoxin-induced cell death: mechanism
of action. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med . 1999; 222: 145–149.
[58]
Clow A., Thorn L., Evans P., et al.: The awakening cortisol response:
methodological issues and significance. Stress. 2004; 7: 29–37.
[59]
Fries E., Dettenborn L., Kirschbaum C.: The cortisol awakening response
(CAR): facts and future directions. Int J Psychophysiol. 2009; 72: 67–73.
Zuzanna Lewandowska, Katarzyna Mazur-Melewska , Magdalena Figlerowiczr e V i e W p A p e r s
44C h i l d n e u r o l o g y
[60]
Brosnan M., Turner-Cobb J., Munro-Naan Z., et al.: Absence of a normal
Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) in adolescent males with Asperger
Syndrome (AS). Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009; 34: 1095–1100.
[61]
Wilhelm I., Born J., Kudielka B.M., et al.: Is the cortisol awakening rise
a response to awakening? Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007; 32: 358–
366.
[62]
Rosmalen J.G.M., Oldehinkel A.J., Ormel J., et al.: Determinants of
salivary cortisol levels in 10-12 year old children; a population-based
study of individual differences. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005; 30:
483–495.
[63]
Zinke K., Fries E., Kliegel M., et al.: Children with high-functioning
autism show a normal cortisol awakening response (CAR).
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010; 35: 1578–1582.
[64]
Bitsika V., Sharpley C.F., Sweeney J.A., et al.: HPA and SAM axis
responses as correlates of self- vs parental ratings of anxiety in boys
with an Autistic Disorder. 2014; 7.
[65]
Corbett B.A., Swain D.M., Newsom C., et al.: Biobehavioral profiles of
arousal and social motivation in autism spectrum disorders. J Child
Psychol Psychiatr. 2014; 55: 924–934.
[66]
Sharpley C.F., Bitsika V., Andronicos N.M., et al.: Further evidence of
HPA-axis dysregulation and its correlation with depression in Autism
Spectrum Disorders: Data from girls. Physiology & Behavior. 2016; 167:
110–117.
[67]
Pan Z., Granger D.A., Guérin N.A. et al.: Replication Pilot Trial of
Therapeutic Horseback Riding and Cortisol Collection With Children on
the Autism Spectrum. Front Vet Sci. 2019; 5: 312.
[68]
Viau R., Arsenault-Lapierre G., Fecteau S., et al.: Effect of service dogs on
salivary cortisol secretion in autistic children. Psychoneuroendocrinology.
2010; 35: 1187–1193.
[69]
Corbett B.A., Blain S.D., Ioannou S., et al.: Changes in anxiety following
a randomized control trial of a theatre-based intervention for youth with
autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2017; 21: 333–343.
[70]
Naber F.B.A., Swinkels S.H.N., Buitelaar J.K., et al.: Attachment in
Toddlers with Autism and Other Developmental Disorders. J Autism Dev
Disord. 2007; 37: 1123–1138.
[71]
Lopata C., Volker M.A., Putnam S.K., et al.: Effect of Social Familiarity
on Salivary Cortisol and Self-Reports of Social Anxiety and Stress in
Children with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism
Dev Disord. 2008; 38: 1866–1877.
[72]
Corbett B.A., Schupp C.W., Simon D., et al.: Elevated cortisol during play
is associated with age and social engagement in children with autism.
Mol Autism. 2010; 1: 13.
[73]
Lanni K.E., Schupp C.W., Simon D., et al.: Verbal ability, social stress, and
anxiety in children with Autistic Disorder. Autism. 2012; 16: 123–138.
[74]
Spratt E.G., Nicholas J.S., Brady K.T., et al.: Enhanced Cortisol Response
to Stress in Children in Autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012; 42: 75–81.
[75]
Schupp C.W., Simon D., Corbett B.A.: Cortisol Responsivity Differences in
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders During Free and Cooperative
Play. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013; 43: 2405–2417.
[76]
Hollocks M.J., Howlin P., Papadopoulos A.S., et al.: Differences in HPA-
axis and heart rate responsiveness to psychosocial stress in children
with autism spectrum disorders with and without co-morbid anxiety.
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014; 46: 32–45.
[77]
Mikita N., Hollocks M.J,. Papadopoulos A.S., et al.: Irritability in boys with
autism spectrum disorders: an investigation of physiological reactivity. J
Child Psychol Psychiatr. 2015; 56: 1118–1126.
Corresponding author: Magdalena Figlerowicz, Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical
Sciences, Poland; e-mail address: mfiglerowicz@gmail.com
[78]
Edmiston E.K., Merkle K., Corbett B.A.: Neural and cortisol responses
during play with human and computer partners in children with autism.
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2015; 10: 1074–1083.
[79]
Edmiston E.K., Blain S.D., Corbett B.A.: Salivary cortisol and behavioral
response to social evaluative threat in adolescents with autism
spectrum disorder: Cortisol Response in adolescents with Autism.
Autism Research. 2017; 10: 346–358.
[80]
Corbett B.A., Muscatello R.A., Kim A., et al.: Developmental effects
in physiological stress in early adolescents with and without autism
spectrum disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021; 125: 105115.
[81]
Ferguson B.J., Marler S., Altstein L.L., et al.: Associations between
cytokines, endocrine stress response, and gastrointestinal symptoms
in autism spectrum disorder. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2016; 58:
57–62.
[82]
Bishop-Fitzpatrick L., Minshew N.J., Mazefsky C.A., et al.: Perception
of Life as Stressful, not Biological Response to Stress, is Associated
with Greater Social Disability in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
2018; 27.
[83]
Matherly S.M., Klusek J., Thurman A.J., et al.: Cortisol profiles
differentiated in adolescents and young adult males with fragile X
syndrome versus autism spectrum disorder. Dev Psychobiol. 2018; 60:
78–89.
[84]
Corbett B.A., Muscatello R.A., Baldinger C.: Comparing stress and
arousal systems in response to different social contexts in children with
ASD. Biological Psychology. 2019; 140: 119–130.
[85]
Corbett B.A., Muscatello R.A., Blain S.D.: Impact of Sensory Sensitivity
on Physiological Stress Response and Novel Peer Interaction in Children
with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci. 2016; 10.
[86]
Abdulla A., Hegde A.: Salivary Cortisol Levels and its Implication on
Behavior In Children with Autism during Dental Treatment. Journal of
Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2015; 39: 128–132.
[87]
Qin D., Rizak J., Feng X., et al.: Prolonged secretion of cortisol as
a possible mechanism underlying stress and depressive behaviour.
Scientific Reports. 2016; 6: 30187.
[88]
Gunnar M.R., Donzella B.: Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early
human development. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2002; 27: 199–220.
[89]
Finegood E.D., Wyman C., O’Connor T.G., et al.: Salivary Cortisol and
Cognitive Development in Infants From Low-Income Communities.
Stress. 2017; 20: 112–121.
[90]
Sapolsky R.M., Uno H., Rebert C.S., et al.: Hippocampal damage
associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates. J
Neurosci. 1990; 10: 2897–2902.
[91]
Arbel I., Kadar T., Silbermann M., et al.: The effects of long-term
corticosterone administration on hippocampal morphology and cognitive
performance of middle-aged rats. Brain Research. 1994; 657: 227–235.
[92]
de Souza-Talarico J.N., Marin M.-F., Sindi S., et al.: Effects of stress
hormones on the brain and cognition: Evidence from normal to
pathological aging. Dement Neuropsychol. 2011; 5: 8–16.
[93]
Green K.N., Billings L.M., Roozendaal B., et al.: Glucocorticoids increase
amyloid-beta and tau pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s
disease. J Neurosci. 2006; 26: 9047–9056.
[94]
Elgh E., Lindqvist Astot A., Fagerlund M., et al.: Cognitive dysfunction,
hippocampal atrophy and glucocorticoid feedback in Alzheimer’s
disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2006; 59: 155–161.
Scholar Google
PubMed